2. Uncertainty Avoidance

The cultural dimension named "uncertainty avoidance" also emerged from the research as very important. It is "the extent to which a society, organization, or group relies on social norms, rules, and procedures to alleviate the unpredictability of future events" (House et al, 2004, p. 30].

Some characteristics of societies that have high and low uncertainty avoidance orientation (based on House et al, 2004, p. 618).

HIGH UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE societies have characteristics such as...

• Use formality in interactions with others.
• Are orderly and keep meticulous records.
• Rely on formalized policies and procedures.
• Take moderate, carefully calculated risks.
• Show strong resistance to change.

LOW UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE societies have characteristics such as...

• Use informality in interactions with others.
• Are less orderly and keep fewer records.
• Rely on informal norms for most matters.
• Are less calculating when taking risks.
• Show only moderate resistance to change.