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HARIDUSTEADUSED Tallinna Ülikooli üliõpilaste 2015/2016. õppeaasta PARIMAD TEADUSTÖÖD / Artiklite kogumik
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studies i and ii demonstrated that male participants had statistically signi cant di erences in risk factor levels compared to female subjects and the prevalence of risk factors tends to increase with age. Overall, the level of ApoB-100 was the highest followed by high LDL-C, TC, Hcy and being over- weight.
Among men aged 20–29 and 30–39, the awareness of high blood pressure levels was the lowest com- pared to other age groups. e awareness of high cholesterol levels was extremely low: 3–25% among men and 7–53% among women and lowest at 20–39 years.
Considering gender-strati ed data, men had a signi cantly higher prevalence of risk factors compared to women. According to BMI, 33% were found to be overweight (42% of men and 25% of women), 22% were obese (21% and 23%) and 46% had central obesity (49% and 45%). Sixty per cent of the subjects with central obesity had metabolic syndrome.
e prevalence of increased TC, LDL-C and ApoB-100 levels was very high among both genders (60-80%) e prevalence of high hsCRP (19%) and brinogen (11%) was low compared to the other risk factors. However, one exception was homocysteine: approximately 56% of the study subjects had elevated Hcy levels and with a strong male predominance (67% vs. 47%).
Considering ethnicity-strati ed data Russian men and male subjects from ethnic groups other than Estonian had a signi cantly higher age-adjusted prevalence of moderate-to-high 10-year CHD risk and hypertension. Total cholesterol, LDL-C and ApoB-100, was signi cantly higher among subjects from other ethnic groups compared to Russians and Estonians.
Among women, the risk factor spectrum was wider and also di erent. For example, instead of high TC, LDL-C and ApoB-100, which were highlighted among men, low HDL-C and high TG showed as- sociation with ethnicity among women. In addition, Russian women and female subjects from ethnic groups other than Estonian had a signi cantly higher age-adjusted prevalence of metabolic syndrome, being overweight and central obesity. Still, the incidence of having CHD event risk ≥10% was highest among Russians.
Men compared to women tend to drink 2 times more frequently (~2 times per week vs. 1; p <.001). Also the self-reported alcohol amounts per day are signi cantly higher (p <.001) compared to women (men: 21.6±28.6 grams, median 12.4 grams; women: 4.8±9.7 grams, median 2.4 grams). Men con- sumed mainly beer but also spirits while women preferred beer and wine equally. Based on age, 60–65 year old men and women tend to consume less compared to younger subjects.
Overall, among men, subjects who consumed <1 drink had higher CHD risk compared to others. e prevalence of high TC, LDL-C and ApoB-100 was also predominantly higher among light drinkers and also among heavy drinkers (>60 g/day). Among women, abstainers and subjects who consumed ~1/2 drink/day had a higher prevalence of being overweight, central obesity and high ApoB-100 levels compared to others.
study iii enrolled 51 homeless subjects (46 males and 5 females)—people who live an unsalubrious life. A control group was missing due to di culty (not controllable) in nding subjects whose lifestyle is 100% objectively proven and correspondent to that of homeless people. Instead widely known refer-
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